OP, my friend is a teacher in CPS so I deferred to her for some advice on this as well. I've also volunteered with kids in Pilsen.
The problem is your kids come from horrible home situations. Dad/Mom is in jail, Dad/Mom drugs out, etc... I doubted some of the stories until I actually started volunteering myself and saw records. These kids come from very fucked up circumstances. In all likelihood, none will succeed and be stuck in a cycle of poverty. Success is hard when your home life is shit.
The "problem kids" in CPS almost always have a terrible home life or have some mental disability/psychological issue. The ones with the weird reaction probably have some emotional issues and don't know how to express themselves.
If this is an after school program, though, I bet a lot of the kids are in it just so they don't have to go home.
My advice is to reach out to the full-time teachers who might have some of these kids and ask for advice. They might have some strategies that work.
Also, don't get discouraged by this. CPS is a lot different than the surrounding school districts. Your techniques would work fine in a majority of the suburban school districts.
you need to involve your school psychologist. there are very obviously issues at home either stemming from neglect, abuse or drug use that is causing these kids to shut down and based on the location...the hood...that's not very suprising.
you need to get them counseling and help them, pull them aside and talk to them and get them to open up because all they are doing is putting up the defense mechanism of being all bad and rebellious. The kids need help, and as a teacher recognizing an issue it's your responsibility to at least seek it.
My wife works as a school psychologist and works with kids like this all the time. You can either help them, or find reasons to have them sent to schools designed for troubled kids.