
Originally Posted by
kuronosan
Situation 1 (Direct effect): Man drinks until drunk. Man drives. While driving, he runs down a woman. The drinking directly caused this.
Situation 2 (Direct effect): Man punches pregnant woman. Man starves woman. As a result, woman has miscarriage. This abuse directly caused this.
Situation 3 (Indirect effect): Woman uses drugs. Woman has miscarriage. It cannot be PROVEN that the drugs caused this as drugs have DIFFERENT effects on different people. The psychological effects (dependency, withdrawal) and physical (toothrot, allopecia) could be considered universal but the physiological (hormones, signaling pathways) cannot be solidly proven without research.