No. Kaioken doubled/tripled/quadrupled etc his power.(highest he used was x20)
A side effect includes death though, so it's not something great to rely on. Especially if he wanted to use it with SSJ, which already multiplies his strength (x50), SSJ kaioken would probably instant kill him.
Not to mention after obtaining SSJ, he never was really in a predicament where he needed to use Kaioken. vs 19 it wouldn't have helped him any, vs Perfect Cell he didn't really actually try to kill Cell because he wanted Gohan to, he didn't want to kill Fat Buu because he wanted gotenks/trunks to beat him (a mistake you would have thought he'd learn from gohan v cell).
in the anime (filler arc), Goku did use kaioken while SSJ vs Pikkon, but Goku was dead, so I suppose he wouldn't have died even if it killed him...
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