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Psychoanalytic theories look at deviant sexual behavior as stemming from early childhood trauma at ages 2 to 5. Sexual or physical abuse leaves the child in a state of overstimulation, confusion, separation anxiety and rage. Feeling helpless and powerless, this victim may sexually act out as a way of re-creating the original trauma with the hope of mastering the anxiety associated with it. The victim may also identify with the abusing adult and act out sexually with a younger child. This acting out makes the individual feel alive and vital and re-establishes a feeling of control and power. But the feeling of dominance soon dissipates and the re-enactment has to be repeated, forcing the individual to molest over and over again.
Family system theories stress the role of unresolved inter-generational family dynamics on specific family members——for example, an unconscious conflict that is unacceptable to a parent might be encouraged in a child.
Behaviorism and social learning theories stress the fact that sexual pleasure reinforces behavior, and a child who has been assaulted by an adult or other child feels guilt associated with the sexual pleasure. As an adult, this individual experiences internal conflict and ambivalence, which then takes the form of sexually acting out with children.
Biological theories stress the possibility of brain illness or damage as a cause of deviant sexual arousal. Research in this area takes several paths——for example, too much of the male hormone testosterone leads to violence and chaotic sexual behavior, caused, for instance, by a mother's stress during pregnancy, or by her intake of specific drugs, or because of the presence of brain abnormalities that create specific behavioral problems.
Fourth, fixated pedophiles and ephebophiles are typically developmentally arrested, psycho sexually immature, non-assertive, heterosexually inhibited, lacking in social skills and without a basic knowledge of sexuality. They have a need for control, and a child becomes for them a pliant and manipulative object. The pedophile or ephebophile is at the same psychosexual age as his victim. Generally, it is not a particular child who is arousing, but the sight, smell and sound of any child.
Fifth, power and control are critical factors. The child is yielding and vulnerable and perceived as unthreatening, unassertive and lacking the ability to retaliate because of his size and lack of power. In a sense, the child molester does what the adult does with the prostitute: i.e., bypasses personal autonomy.
Sixth, pedophiles and ephebophile often play games with their victims: e.g., wrestling, tickling or taking a "sex survey" of the victim. Pedophiles and ephebophiles often "court" their victim through these games and manipulate them through invitations to movies, trips and treats.
Seventh, the sexual acting out results in more pleasant emotional states, putting a psychological distance between the perpetrator''s feelings of loneliness, emptiness, despair and lack of connectedness to others and the sexual excitement. While pedophiles and ephebophiles very often rationalize their molestation as helping the victim (e.g., as caretaker, parent, teacher or friend), this sexual behavior is always an aggressive act, and the child is always a victim.
These factors can be properly contexualized when one realizes that pedophiles and ephebophiles sustain four basic personality dysfunctions:
Emotional congruence: for the pedophile and ephebophile, children have a special meaning because of their lack of dominance and power.
Sexual arousal: for the pedophile and ephebophile, children are the object of sexual stimulation with variational and specific needs——for example, boys must lack pubic hair, or girls must be blond and blue-eyed.
Blockage: the pedophile and ephebophile have no capacity for authentic heterosexual or homosexual relationships.
Disinhibition: the pedophile and ephebophile often use alcohol or other drugs to lower inhibitions prior to the sexual acting out with children.