2.1 Human Language Structures
a. Recognize the nature of human language, differences among languages, the universality of
linguistic structures, and change across time, locale, and communities
b. Demonstrate knowledge of word analysis, including sound patterns (phonology) and
inflection, derivation, compounding, roots and affixes (morphology)
c. Demonstrate knowledge of sentence structures (syntax), word and sentence meanings
(semantics), and language function in communicative context (pragmatics)
d. Use appropriate print and electronic sources to research etymologies; recognize conventions
of English orthography and changes in word meaning and pronunciation
2.2 Acquisition and Development of Language and Literacy
a. Explain the influences of cognitive, affective, and sociocultural factors on language
acquisition and development
b. Explain the influence of a first language on second language development
c. Describe methods and techniques for developing academic literacy (e.g., tapping prior
knowledge through semantic mapping, word analogies, cohesion analysis)
2.3 Literacy Studies
a. Recognize the written and oral conventions of Standard English, and analyze the social
implications of mastering them
b. Describe and explain cognitive elements of reading and writing processes (e.g., decoding
and encoding, construction of meaning, recognizing and using text conventions of different
genres)
c. Explain metacognitive strategies for making sense of text (e.g., pre-reading activities,
predicting, questioning, word analysis, concept formation)