Arbitrary symbols
A key property of language is that its symbols are strongly
arbitrary.
[5] Any concept or grammatical rule can be mapped onto a symbol. In other words, most languages make use of sound, but the combinations of sounds used do not have any necessary and inherent meaning; they are merely an agreed-upon convention to represent a certain thing by users of that language. For instance, the sound combination
nada carries the meaning of "
nothing" in the
Spanish language and also the meaning "
thread" in the
Hindi language. There is nothing about the
word nada itself that forces Hindi speakers to convey the idea of "
thread", or the idea of "
nothing" for Spanish speakers. Other sets of sounds (for example, the English words
nothing and
thread) could equally be used to represent the same concepts, but all Spanish and Hindi speakers have acquired or learned to correlate their own meanings for this particular sound pattern. Indeed, for speakers of
Slovene and some other
South Slavic languages, the sound combination carries the meaning of "
hope", while in
Indonesian, it means "
tone".
This arbitrariness applies to words even with an
onomatopoetic dimension (i.e. words that to some extent simulate the sound of the token referred to). For example, several animal names (e.g.
cuckoo,
whip-poor-will, and
katydid) are derived from sounds made by the respective animal, but these forms did not have to be chosen for these meanings. Non-onomatopoetic words can stand just as easily for the same meaning. For instance, the katydid is called a "bush cricket" in British English, a term that bears no relation to the sound made by the animal. In time, onomatopoetic words can also change in form, losing their mimetic status. Onomatopoetic words may have an inherent relation to their referent, but this meaning is not inherent; thus they do not violate arbitrariness. For instance, an English speaker may describe a dog's bark as "ruff" or "bow-wow," as to where the Japanese would describe it as "wan-wan."
[edit] Related symbols
The meanings of signs may be arbitrary, but the process of assigning meaning is not; it is the activity of the entire society; individuals are not allowed to change them arbitrarily, even though they may contribute some new meanings. A continuous thread of socially recognized meaning requires that the allowed meanings of individual signs be related. The relatedness of signs was formally recognized by
Charles W. Morris, who divided
semiotics into three fields, based on "the three dimensions of semiosis:"
[6] "...
syntactics studies the relation between a given sign vehicle and other sign vehicles,
semantics studies the relations between sign vehicles and their designata, and
pragmatics studies the relation between sign vehicles and their interpreters....
These types of relatedness allow a finite set of signs to be combined into a potentially infinite number of meaningful utterances.