Economic context
Increasing family size fueled disputes over land between neighbors and within families, especially on the frontier where the economy was based on farming. Changes in the weather or
blights could easily wipe out a year's crop. A farm that could support an average-sized family could not support the many families of the next generation, prompting farmers to push farther into the wilderness to find land, encroaching upon the
indigenous people. Due to the strongly religious nature of the Puritans, religious fervor added tension to the mix. Loss of crops, livestock, and children, as well as earthquakes and bad weather, were typically attributed to the wrath of God.
Social context
The patriarchal beliefs that Puritans held in the community added further stresses. Women, they believed, should be totally subservient to men. By nature, a woman was more likely to enlist in the Devil's service than was a man, and women were considered lustful by nature. In addition, the small-town atmosphere made secrets difficult to keep and people's opinions about their neighbors were generally accepted as fact. In an age where the philosophy "children should be seen and not heard" was taken at face value, children were at the bottom of the social ladder. Toys and games were seen as idle and playing was discouraged. Girls had additional restrictions placed upon them and were trained from a young age to spin yarn, cook, sew, weave, serve their husbands and bear their children, while boys were able to go hunting, fishing, exploring in the forest, and often became apprentices to carpenters and smiths.
In accordance with Puritan beliefs, the majority of accused 'witches' were unmarried or recently widowed land-owning women; according to the law if no legal heir existed upon the owner's death, title to the land would revert to the previous owner, or (if no previous owner could be determined) to the colony.[
citation needed] This made witch-hunting a possible method of acquiring a profitable piece of property.
Religious context
The
Puritans were a number of religious groups that sprang up during the 17th century as opposition to the Church of England. Puritans opposed many of the traditions of the Church of England, notably the
Book of Common Prayer, but also ceremonial rituals such as the use of priestly vestments (cap and gown) during services, the use of the Holy Cross during
baptism and kneeling during the sacrament. The colony of Massachusetts at the time was heavily influenced by Puritan thought, but was not a theocracy.
[11][12] A few
Protestants (such as
Roger Williams) prior to this period had contended that this level of religious involvement in the State was contrary to the pure teachings of the
New Testament, in which the church was separate from the state (Mt. 22:21; 1Cor. 5:12, 13 1 Pet. 2:13, 14), and unrepentant sinful behavior that merited serious spiritual discipline was administered by supernatural means (Acts 5:1–10; 1 Cor. 5:1–4; 1 Tim. 1:20).
The Puritans believed in the existence of an invisible world inhabited by God and the angels including the
Devil (who was seen as a fallen angel) and his fellow demons. To Puritans, this invisible world was as real as the visible one around them.[
citation needed]
In his book
Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions (1689),
Cotton Mather describes strange behavior exhibited by the four children of Boston mason John Goodwin and attributed it to witchcraft practiced upon them by an Irish washerwoman, Mary Glover. Mather, a minister of
Boston's North Church (not to be confused with the Episcopal Old North Church of
Paul Revere fame), was a prolific publisher of pamphlets and a firm believer in
witchcraft.